Psychosocial, Physical, and Neurophysiological Risk Factors for Chronic Neck Pain: A Prospective Inception Cohort Study
PainSci summary of Shahidi 2015?This page is one of thousands in the PainScience.com bibliography. It is not a general article: it is focused on a single scientific paper, and it may provide only just enough context for the summary to make sense. Links to other papers and more general information are provided at the bottom of the page, as often as possible. ★★★☆☆?3-star ratings are for typical studies with no more (or less) than the usual common problems. Ratings are a highly subjective opinion, and subject to revision at any time. If you think this paper has been incorrectly rated, please let me know.
In 2012, Paksaichol et al convincingly concluded that there was still an absence of evidence that neck pain is caused by any psychological factor. Three years later, this study was published: the first direct and reasonably high quality evidence that depression does cause neck pain. It is not perfect — it’s not a very powerful experiment (a bit small) — but at least it was the right type of study, looking at the right things. 171 healthy office workers were quizzed for a year, identifying three risk factors: depression, poor neck muscle endurance, and low pain tolerance.
original abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to identify modifiable risk factors for the development of first-onset chronic neck pain among an inception cohort of healthy individuals working in a high-risk occupation. Candidate risk factors identified from previous studies were categorized into psychosocial, physical, and neurophysiological domains, which were assessed concurrently in a baseline evaluation of 171 office workers within the first 3 months of hire. Participants completed monthly online surveys over the subsequent year to identify the presence of chronic interfering neck pain, defined as a Neck Disability Index score ≥5 points for 3 or more months. Data were analyzed using backward logistic regression to identify significant predictors within each domain, which were then entered into a multivariate regression model adjusted for age, sex, and body mass index. Development of chronic interfering neck pain was predicted by depressed mood (odds ratio [OR] = 3.36, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.10-10.31, P = .03), cervical extensor endurance (OR = .92, 95% CI, .87-.97, P = .001), and diffuse noxious inhibitory control (OR = .90, 95% CI, .83-.98, P = .02) at baseline. These findings provide the first evidence that individuals with preexisting impairments in mood and descending pain modulation may be at greater risk for developing chronic neck pain when exposed to peripheral nociceptive stimuli such as that produced during muscle fatigue.
PERSPECTIVE: Depressed mood, poor muscle endurance, and impaired endogenous pain inhibition are predisposing factors for the development of new-onset chronic neck pain of nonspecific origin in office workers. These findings may assist with primary prevention by allowing clinicians to screen for individuals at risk of developing chronic neck pain.
related content
- “Physical risk factors for developing non-specific neck pain in office workers: a systematic review and meta-analysis,” an article in Int Arch Occup Environ Health, 2017.
- “Office workers' risk factors for the development of non-specific neck pain: a systematic review of prospective cohort studies,” an article in Occup Environ Med, 2012.
- “Perceived muscular tension predicts future neck-shoulder and arm-wrist-hand symptoms,” an article in Occup Environ Med, 2012.
These two articles on PainScience.com cite Shahidi 2015 as a source:
- PS Anxiety & Chronic Pain — A self-help guide for people who worry and hurt
- PS Save Yourself from Neck Pain! — A complete guide to chronic neck pain and the disturbing sensation of a “crick”
