Recalcitrant chronic adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder. Role of contracture of the coracohumeral ligament and rotator interval in pathogenesis and treatment

Seventeen patients who had recalcitrant chronic adhesive capsulitis were operated on between 1979 and 1986 and were followed for an average of 6.8 years. At operation, the major cause of the restricted glenohumeral movement was found to be contracture of the coracohumeral ligament and rotator interval. Release of the contracted structures relieved pain and restored motion of the shoulder in all patients. Histological study showed fibrosis, hyalinization, and fibrinoid degeneration in the contracted connective tissues, as well as fibrosis of the subsynovial tissue and an absence of the synovial cell layer on the joint side of the rotator interval. The contracture of the coracohumeral ligament and rotator interval appears to be the main lesion in chronic adhesive capsulitis. Resection of these structures, combined with appropriate exercise, will relieve pain and restore motion to the shoulder.